Week 12, 20th June 2022 : DDR Model & Nilai Model
First lecture by Dr Rosseni.
Today was a special day as we had the opportunity to learn with Dr Rosseni. Despite being at Mecca, Dr Rosseni managed to deliver her lesson with us virtually. It is definitely a sweet memory!
As usual, I was very excited and looked forward to the lecture because each day there is something new for me to learn regarding technology in education.
In today's class, Dr Rosseni covered 2 topics, which are DDR Model (Modul Penyelidikan Reka Bentuk & Pembangunan Media) and Nilai Model (Modul Nilai). Each topic had its breakdowns as stated below, and was briefly explained by Dr. In this reflection, I would share what I have understood and learned from the models, and how the knowledge gained would be applicable to my teaching context as a teacher.
Let's look at the DDR Model, first!
DDR Model
Topic 1: Introduction to Media Development Research
Topic 2: ID Model - Teaching & Learning Design Model
Topic 3: Learning Theories
Topic 4: Meaningful Learning Strategies
Topic 5: Problem Oriented & Project Based Learning Methods
Although the breakdown of the topics look massive, Dr Rosseni has made it simple and direct during her lecture.
Topic 1: Introduction to Media Development Research
The first topic is more of an intro that preps us to expect what is to be learned in the DDR Model. It helps me to prepare myself with some basic information about media development before identifying the problems that need to be solved through media development research. I learned that media is defined as an idea that is translated into existential form and communicated to the general knowledge. Media can take many forms such as below:
Today was a special day as we had the opportunity to learn with Dr Rosseni. Despite being at Mecca, Dr Rosseni managed to deliver her lesson with us virtually. It is definitely a sweet memory!
As usual, I was very excited and looked forward to the lecture because each day there is something new for me to learn regarding technology in education.
In today's class, Dr Rosseni covered 2 topics, which are DDR Model (Modul Penyelidikan Reka Bentuk & Pembangunan Media) and Nilai Model (Modul Nilai). Each topic had its breakdowns as stated below, and was briefly explained by Dr. In this reflection, I would share what I have understood and learned from the models, and how the knowledge gained would be applicable to my teaching context as a teacher.
Let's look at the DDR Model, first!
DDR Model
Topic 1: Introduction to Media Development Research
Topic 2: ID Model - Teaching & Learning Design Model
Topic 3: Learning Theories
Topic 4: Meaningful Learning Strategies
Topic 5: Problem Oriented & Project Based Learning Methods
Although the breakdown of the topics look massive, Dr Rosseni has made it simple and direct during her lecture.
Topic 1: Introduction to Media Development Research
The first topic is more of an intro that preps us to expect what is to be learned in the DDR Model. It helps me to prepare myself with some basic information about media development before identifying the problems that need to be solved through media development research. I learned that media is defined as an idea that is translated into existential form and communicated to the general knowledge. Media can take many forms such as below:
Media are used by teachers as a medium to assist the teaching and learning process. It helps the process of democratization of learning for all students of different personalities and learning styles. As mentioned by Dr Rosseni, a teacher needs to recognise their students' learning preferences and needs as each student has different personality. From this, I learned that I need to consider my students' learning style and plan my teaching strategies accordingly. Failure to do it will not help in achieving the lesson objectives. From Topic 1, I also learned that there are 3 basic principles that I need to adhere in developing teaching and learning media. First, I need to determine the learning objectives that I intend to achieve. Second, I need to determine the assessment method that I will use to help me answer my objectives. Third, I need to determine the strategies that I will be using to facilitate the learning process and help towards achieving the objectives. This principles are not something new to me. As a teacher, I have been trained to follow these principles, which have been helping me systematically in developing my teaching aids.
Topic 2: Instructional Strategies Models
There are various ID models that can be used in instructional strategies. ASSURE and ADDIE models are the most common ones. During the lecture, I learned about the UDin model, which emphasizes on the systems and the approaches. This model consists of 3 layers. The first layer is where learning outcomes and assessments are determined. the second layer, encompasses 5 components: Content, Theory, Values, Pedagogy and Strategy. These are the components that need to be included in the planning of instructional strategies. The outer layer is the evaluation layer which evaluates the feasibility and effectiveness of the model. Personally, this model has helped me to see the importance of integrating values, which are often skipped in the planning of teaching and learning content.
Topic 3: Learning Theories
Among all the topics, this topic was the easiest for me to follow because of the familiarity in the content. Learning theories such as Behaviourism, Constructivism, Cognitivism etc. are used to help teachers understand their students and the needs before planning any lesson.
Topic 4: Meaningful Learning strategies
Topic 4 is another throwback topic that is never new to me. Recalling back from what I learned during my degree years, meaningful learning is an approach in which students are able to make a connection between the newly gained knowledge and previous knowledge. The emphasis is given on the process of learning rather that achieving the objectives.
One of the ways we can create a meaningful learning is by adapting the Constructivist learning approach. This is where, students are actively constructing knowledge and make self-reflection on their learning. I believe that the reflection process will help our students to integrate their new knowledge into their existing knowledge.
From the readings, I realised that meaningful learning experience can be achieved by providing students authentic learning experience. This is where we give our students access to real context where they can apply and practice the knowledge that they have gained.
Topic 5: Problem-based and Project-based learning
Problem-based learning is a student-centered approach in which students learn about a subject by working in groups to solve an open-ended problem. This problem is what drives the motivation and the learning. While project-based learning is an instructional approach designed to give students the opportunity to develop knowledge and skills through engaging projects set around challenges and problems they may face in the real world.
Overall, I have gained insightful knowledge from the lecture and also after reading the online notes. Some of the information are not new to me and it expanded my existing knowledge pertaining to the topic. I believe that this knowledge will help me to better my teaching approaches and at the same time guide me in developing, designing and implementing a teaching and learning material. Not only that, I also believe that this topics have emphasized to me on how important it is to recognize problems, students' learning needs and setting goals in the learning process. It helps facilitate the teaching and learning process towards achieving the specified desires.
Topic 2: Instructional Strategies Models
There are various ID models that can be used in instructional strategies. ASSURE and ADDIE models are the most common ones. During the lecture, I learned about the UDin model, which emphasizes on the systems and the approaches. This model consists of 3 layers. The first layer is where learning outcomes and assessments are determined. the second layer, encompasses 5 components: Content, Theory, Values, Pedagogy and Strategy. These are the components that need to be included in the planning of instructional strategies. The outer layer is the evaluation layer which evaluates the feasibility and effectiveness of the model. Personally, this model has helped me to see the importance of integrating values, which are often skipped in the planning of teaching and learning content.
Topic 3: Learning Theories
Among all the topics, this topic was the easiest for me to follow because of the familiarity in the content. Learning theories such as Behaviourism, Constructivism, Cognitivism etc. are used to help teachers understand their students and the needs before planning any lesson.
Topic 4: Meaningful Learning strategies
Topic 4 is another throwback topic that is never new to me. Recalling back from what I learned during my degree years, meaningful learning is an approach in which students are able to make a connection between the newly gained knowledge and previous knowledge. The emphasis is given on the process of learning rather that achieving the objectives.
One of the ways we can create a meaningful learning is by adapting the Constructivist learning approach. This is where, students are actively constructing knowledge and make self-reflection on their learning. I believe that the reflection process will help our students to integrate their new knowledge into their existing knowledge.
From the readings, I realised that meaningful learning experience can be achieved by providing students authentic learning experience. This is where we give our students access to real context where they can apply and practice the knowledge that they have gained.
Topic 5: Problem-based and Project-based learning
Problem-based learning is a student-centered approach in which students learn about a subject by working in groups to solve an open-ended problem. This problem is what drives the motivation and the learning. While project-based learning is an instructional approach designed to give students the opportunity to develop knowledge and skills through engaging projects set around challenges and problems they may face in the real world.
Overall, I have gained insightful knowledge from the lecture and also after reading the online notes. Some of the information are not new to me and it expanded my existing knowledge pertaining to the topic. I believe that this knowledge will help me to better my teaching approaches and at the same time guide me in developing, designing and implementing a teaching and learning material. Not only that, I also believe that this topics have emphasized to me on how important it is to recognize problems, students' learning needs and setting goals in the learning process. It helps facilitate the teaching and learning process towards achieving the specified desires.
Nilai Model
This Malaysian model emphasizes on the integration of values into the teaching and learning context. I believe it is an initiative to develop a healthy and prosperous society who could contribute to the development of the country and work towards achieving the 5th Industrial revolution. After reading the notes, I learned that this model acts as a guide to help teachers note the importance of integrating values into their lessons. As a teacher myself, I realised that sometimes I do forget to insert the element of values in my lesson. This is because my focus is on delivering the content knowledge and work towards achieving the objectives set. Nevertheless, it is also important to insert values indirectly in our lessons. This is because, in today's world, most of the students are academically well performed. But in terms of social attributes and values, they have poor quality. Many students lack proper guidance at home as their parents are working. Hence, school is the best place to educate them with good values.
I believe, the knowledge gained from today's class will help me polish my teacher qualities and facilitate my teaching approaches.
This Malaysian model emphasizes on the integration of values into the teaching and learning context. I believe it is an initiative to develop a healthy and prosperous society who could contribute to the development of the country and work towards achieving the 5th Industrial revolution. After reading the notes, I learned that this model acts as a guide to help teachers note the importance of integrating values into their lessons. As a teacher myself, I realised that sometimes I do forget to insert the element of values in my lesson. This is because my focus is on delivering the content knowledge and work towards achieving the objectives set. Nevertheless, it is also important to insert values indirectly in our lessons. This is because, in today's world, most of the students are academically well performed. But in terms of social attributes and values, they have poor quality. Many students lack proper guidance at home as their parents are working. Hence, school is the best place to educate them with good values.
I believe, the knowledge gained from today's class will help me polish my teacher qualities and facilitate my teaching approaches.
Week 13, 27th June 2022: UDin @ Rengkas Model
Model UDin @ Rengkas
This model has 4 phases:
1. Analysis and Feasibility
In developing a media or e-learning program, careful planning is crucial. The developer or teacher does not only must be ICT literate but also aware of its impact on pedagogy and students’ diverse needs. There are many e-learning frameworks and models that can be used as guidance. The guidance is important because in this era, our students are exposed to various challenges that might interfere with their personality development and impede their learning. Hence, it is important to inculcate and integrate value elements both at the design and development stage as well as at the implementation stage of the learning and teaching process. This Malaysian made model provides useful tools for evaluating e-learning initiatives or determining their critical success factors.
The UDin model is the acronym of Universal Design for Agile Development, or in the BM language Rengkas (Reka Bentuk Sejagat dan Pembangunan Tangkas).
There are many ways in determining the success of an e-learning program, and the SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat) analysis done under the first phase in this model, shows the process that takes place in Phase 1 which is the stage of feasibility analysis and needs analysis. The SWOT analysis indicates that in determining the feasibility of a program it is important to recognise its strength and weakness, as well as the opportunity to develop better program and possible threats that need to be aware of. A need analysis is followed after the SWOT analysis.
Besides analyzing and determining the feasibility of a program through SWOT, a systematic literature review can also be done. The review will help to identify the gaps in the relevant past studies and assist in implementing the program effectively. Needs analysis is usually conducted as a preliminary sub-study involving small -scale qualitative research to identify important content that should be included in a course related to the media to be developed.
From this topic, I learned that it is important to ensure that a program that is developed or going to be developed goes through the feasibility analysis. This is because, it will ensure the productivity of the program developed and help to maximise its effectiveness. As a teacher, there are many materials that I often create for my students to teach English, including online quiz. Most of the time, I implement the material instantly after I creating and realise that at times it does not work effectively. This is because it does not cater the needs of some students. From this topic, I learned that I should consider my students’ ability and needs so that the material created are feasible for every student.
2. Design and Development
Phase 2 introduces several things that need to be addressed. First, the product or media being developed need to meet the specifications or requirements that have been set in Phase 1. There are 5 elements in Phase 2. The five elements are Content, Theory, Strategy, Pedagogy and Values. These 5 elements need to be incorporated in the design and development of a media. Having an instrument as a checklist to make sure that the sub-element of each element is integrated will ensure a successful design and development phase.
3. Implementation and Maintenance
In this implementation phase, a usability test is implemented in a student -centred manner to identify whether the students are able to recognize and achieve the elements targeted by the media designer or teacher. This is followed by the maintenance phase, which is implemented after testing at the end of the development and implementation phase. Maintenance is an on-going process done on the basis to repair and remove detected bugs in the media or to modify the software content to suit the time and user requirements that may have changed.
4. Impact and Modelling
From the readings done, I understood that Impact and Modeling is the output for the implementation of the evaluation made from the research data collected at the end of the media implementation developed in the previous phase which is the implementation phase. During the implementation phase, the data are collected to evaluate the media developed so that the maintenance can be proceeded.
I learned that there are 3 stages in this phase. The first stage is stage Analysis & Evaluation. This is where the data collected in the 3rd phase are entered into a system (SPSS). The second stage is where the data collected in the pilot study is entered into SPSS. The third stage is the modelling stage using data collected from actual studies in a classroom. Then, they are all tested for validity and reliability.
Personally, there are quite useful information that I have gained after reading these 4 topics in the UDin model. Initially, I was afraid and confused when I started reading the model as it is a new term to me. However, the elaboration given in the module with research-based examples eased my comprehension process of the model. From having zero knowledge, I can proudly say that I’m now at least able to briefly explain what the UDin model is all about and how it can de used as a reference in preparing teaching and learning media.
This model brought to my attention the importance of systematically following the 4 phases of developing and implementing a learning media or program. Each phase in this model emphasizes on different elements that need to be adhered so that the media that we have developed are well exploited in education. I also realised that the UDin model stressed on the integration of values which is hardly focused on the other models. As a teacher, this is something that I need to remember because often the emphasis is put on delivering the content. The integration of values through content need to be prioritize as it helps in producing students with good personality and attitudes.
In a nutshell, the reading done on this module has broadened my knowledge on technology in education. I believe that the knowledge will help me in managing my instructional strategies efficiently.
This model has 4 phases:
- Analysis and Feasibility
- Design and Development
- Implementation and Maintenance
- Impact and Modelling
1. Analysis and Feasibility
In developing a media or e-learning program, careful planning is crucial. The developer or teacher does not only must be ICT literate but also aware of its impact on pedagogy and students’ diverse needs. There are many e-learning frameworks and models that can be used as guidance. The guidance is important because in this era, our students are exposed to various challenges that might interfere with their personality development and impede their learning. Hence, it is important to inculcate and integrate value elements both at the design and development stage as well as at the implementation stage of the learning and teaching process. This Malaysian made model provides useful tools for evaluating e-learning initiatives or determining their critical success factors.
The UDin model is the acronym of Universal Design for Agile Development, or in the BM language Rengkas (Reka Bentuk Sejagat dan Pembangunan Tangkas).
There are many ways in determining the success of an e-learning program, and the SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat) analysis done under the first phase in this model, shows the process that takes place in Phase 1 which is the stage of feasibility analysis and needs analysis. The SWOT analysis indicates that in determining the feasibility of a program it is important to recognise its strength and weakness, as well as the opportunity to develop better program and possible threats that need to be aware of. A need analysis is followed after the SWOT analysis.
Besides analyzing and determining the feasibility of a program through SWOT, a systematic literature review can also be done. The review will help to identify the gaps in the relevant past studies and assist in implementing the program effectively. Needs analysis is usually conducted as a preliminary sub-study involving small -scale qualitative research to identify important content that should be included in a course related to the media to be developed.
From this topic, I learned that it is important to ensure that a program that is developed or going to be developed goes through the feasibility analysis. This is because, it will ensure the productivity of the program developed and help to maximise its effectiveness. As a teacher, there are many materials that I often create for my students to teach English, including online quiz. Most of the time, I implement the material instantly after I creating and realise that at times it does not work effectively. This is because it does not cater the needs of some students. From this topic, I learned that I should consider my students’ ability and needs so that the material created are feasible for every student.
2. Design and Development
Phase 2 introduces several things that need to be addressed. First, the product or media being developed need to meet the specifications or requirements that have been set in Phase 1. There are 5 elements in Phase 2. The five elements are Content, Theory, Strategy, Pedagogy and Values. These 5 elements need to be incorporated in the design and development of a media. Having an instrument as a checklist to make sure that the sub-element of each element is integrated will ensure a successful design and development phase.
3. Implementation and Maintenance
In this implementation phase, a usability test is implemented in a student -centred manner to identify whether the students are able to recognize and achieve the elements targeted by the media designer or teacher. This is followed by the maintenance phase, which is implemented after testing at the end of the development and implementation phase. Maintenance is an on-going process done on the basis to repair and remove detected bugs in the media or to modify the software content to suit the time and user requirements that may have changed.
4. Impact and Modelling
From the readings done, I understood that Impact and Modeling is the output for the implementation of the evaluation made from the research data collected at the end of the media implementation developed in the previous phase which is the implementation phase. During the implementation phase, the data are collected to evaluate the media developed so that the maintenance can be proceeded.
I learned that there are 3 stages in this phase. The first stage is stage Analysis & Evaluation. This is where the data collected in the 3rd phase are entered into a system (SPSS). The second stage is where the data collected in the pilot study is entered into SPSS. The third stage is the modelling stage using data collected from actual studies in a classroom. Then, they are all tested for validity and reliability.
Personally, there are quite useful information that I have gained after reading these 4 topics in the UDin model. Initially, I was afraid and confused when I started reading the model as it is a new term to me. However, the elaboration given in the module with research-based examples eased my comprehension process of the model. From having zero knowledge, I can proudly say that I’m now at least able to briefly explain what the UDin model is all about and how it can de used as a reference in preparing teaching and learning media.
This model brought to my attention the importance of systematically following the 4 phases of developing and implementing a learning media or program. Each phase in this model emphasizes on different elements that need to be adhered so that the media that we have developed are well exploited in education. I also realised that the UDin model stressed on the integration of values which is hardly focused on the other models. As a teacher, this is something that I need to remember because often the emphasis is put on delivering the content. The integration of values through content need to be prioritize as it helps in producing students with good personality and attitudes.
In a nutshell, the reading done on this module has broadened my knowledge on technology in education. I believe that the knowledge will help me in managing my instructional strategies efficiently.